Xul documentation

XML [1] utilities written in Python.

Current version: 2.4.2

Xul scripts

ppx – Pretty Print XML

Use ppx to pretty print an XML source in human readable form.

ppx file.xml

White Space

For greater readability ppx removes and adds white space.

Warning

White space can be significant in an XML document [1]. So be careful when using ppx to rewrite XML files.

Options

ppx can be used with the following command-line options:

$ ppx --help

usage: ppx [-h] [-V] [-n] [-o] [xml_source [xml_source ...]]

Pretty Print XML source in human readable form.

positional arguments:
  xml_source            XML source (file, <stdin>, http://...)

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -V, --version         show program's version number and exit
  -n, --no-syntax       no syntax highlighting
  -o, --omit-declaration
                        omit the XML declaration

Syntax Highlighting

ppx will syntax highlight the XML source if you have Pygments installed.

Pretty print the XML Schema 1.0 schema document:

ppx http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema.xsd

-n, --no-syntax

You can disable syntax highlighting with the --no-syntax option.

XML declaration

XML documents should begin with an XML declaration which specifies the version of XML being used [2].

By default ppx will print an (UTF-8) XML declaration.

-o, --omit-declaration

Omit the XML declaration with the --omit-declaration option.

ppx --omit-declaration file.xml

Examples

Pretty print any local XML file:

ppx data_dump.xml

RSS feed:

ppx http://feeds.feedburner.com/PythonInsider

Page XML file with less:

ppx xml/large.xml | less -RX

Redirect output (pipe) to ppx:

curl -s https://www.python.org/dev/peps/peps.rss/ | ppx

Rewrite XML:

ppx -n data_dump.xml > pp_data_dump.xml

Footnotes

[1]	Extensible Markup Language §2.10 White Space Handling

[2]	Extensible Markup Language §2.8 Prolog and Document Type Declaration

xp – Select nodes with XPath

XPath expression

Select nodes in an XML source with an XPath [1] expression.

List all attributes of an XML file:

xp "//@*" file.xml

List the latest Python PEPs:

curl -s https://www.python.org/dev/peps/peps.rss/ | \
xp "//item/title/text()"

List the latest Python PEPs with their link:

curl -s https://www.python.org/dev/peps/peps.rss/ | \
xp "//item/*[name()='title' or name()='link']/text()"

Options

xp can be used with the following command-line options:

$ xp --help

usage: xp [-h] [-V] [-e] [-d DEFAULT_NS_PREFIX] [-r] [-p] [-m] [-f | -F] [-q]
          xpath_expr [xml_source [xml_source ...]]

Select nodes in an XML source with an XPath expression.

positional arguments:
  xpath_expr            XPath expression
  xml_source            XML source (file, <stdin>, http://...)

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -V, --version         show program's version number and exit
  -e, --exslt           add EXSLT XML namespace prefixes
  -d DEFAULT_NS_PREFIX, --default-prefix DEFAULT_NS_PREFIX
                        set the prefix for the default namespace in XPath
                        [default: 'd']
  -r, --result-xpath    print the XPath expression of the result element (or
                        its parent)
  -p, --pretty-element  pretty print the result element
  -m, --method          use ElementTree.xpath method instead of XPath class
  -f, -l, --files-with-hits
                        only the names of files with a non-false and non-NaN
                        result are written to standard output
  -F, -L, --files-without-hits
                        only the names of files with a false or NaN result, or
                        without any results are written to standard output
  -q, --quiet           don't print the XML namespace list

Print result’s XPath

-r, --result-xpath

Print the XPath expression of each result element with the --result-xpath option. Each XPath expression will have an absolute location path.

xp --result-xpath "//title" file.xml

If an XPath result is a text or attribute node xp prints the parent element’s XPath expression.

List the XPath expressions of all elements with attributes:

xp -r "//@*" file.xml

Namespaces in XML

List all the XML namespaces [2] (prefix, URI) of the document element:

xp 'namespace::*' file.xml

Print the default namespace of the document element, if it has one:

xp 'namespace::*[name()=""]' file.xml

The default XML namespace in an XML document has no prefix (None). To select nodes in an XML namespace XPath needs prefixed names (qualified names). Therefore xp uses d as the prefix for the default XML namespace.

List the five most recent Python Insider posts:

xp "descendant::d:entry[position()<=5]/d:title/text()" \
http://feeds.feedburner.com/PythonInsider

-d <prefix>, --default-prefix <prefix>

You can change the prefix for the default namespace with the --default-prefix option:

xp -d p "descendant::p:entry[position()<=5]/p:title/text()" \
http://feeds.feedburner.com/PythonInsider

Extensions to XSLT

-e, --exslt

lxml supports the EXSLT [3] extensions through libxslt (requires libxslt 1.1.25 or higher). Add EXSLT namespaces with the --exslt command-line option.

Find Python Insider posts published in or after 2015 with EXSLT (date prefix):

xp -e "//d:entry[date:year(d:published) >= '2015']/d:title/text()" \
http://feeds.feedburner.com/PythonInsider

Python Insider posts updated in December:

xp -e "//d:entry[date:month-name(d:updated) = 'December']/d:title/text()" \
http://feeds.feedburner.com/PythonInsider

-q, --quiet

The --quiet command-line option will not print the list with XML namespaces.

Use the power of regular expression (re prefix). Find Python PEPs with “remove” or “specification” in the title (case-insensitive):

curl -s https://www.python.org/dev/peps/peps.rss/ | \
xp -e '//item/title[re:match(text(), "(remove|specification)", "i")]' -q

Pretty print element result

-p, --pretty-element

A result element node can be pretty printed with the --pretty-element command-line option.

Warning

The --pretty-element option removes all white space text nodes before applying the XPath expression. Therefore there will be no white space text nodes in the results.

Pretty print the latest Python PEP:

curl -s https://www.python.org/dev/peps/peps.rss/ | xp "//item[1]" -p

Print file names

-f, -l, --files-with-hits

The --files-with-hits command-line option only prints the names of files with an XPath result that is not false and not NaN (not a number).

Find XML files with HTTP URL’s:

xp "//mpeg7:MediaUri[starts-with(., 'http://')]" *.xml -f

XML files where all the book prices are below € 25,-.

xp -el "math:max(//book/price[@currency='€'])<25" *.xml

-F, -L, --files-without-hits

The --files-without-hits command-line option only prints the names of files without any XPath results, or with a false or NaN result.

XML files without a person with the family name ‘Bauwens’:

xp "//mpeg7:FamilyName[text()='Bauwens']" *.xml -F

xpath method

-m, --method

xp uses the lxml.etree.XPath class by default. You can choose the lxml.etree.ElementTree.xpath method with the --method command-line option. The results should be the same but error reporting can be different.

Footnotes

[1]	XML Path Language (XPath) 1.0

[2]	Namespaces in XML 1.0

[3]	Extensions to XSLT (EXSLT)

validate – Validate XML

The validate script can check if an XML source conforms to an XML schema. It supports the following XML schema languages.

XSD

-x <xml_schema>, --xsd <xml_schema>

Use the --xsd option to validate an XML source with an XSD [1] file:

validate -x schema.xsd source.xml

DTD

-d <dtd_schema>, --dtd <dtd_schema>

Validate an XML source with a DTD [2] file with the --dtd option:

validate -d doctype.dtd source.xml

RELAX NG

-r <relax_ng_schema>, --relaxng <relax_ng_schema>

The --relaxng option validates an XML source with a RELAX NG [3] file:

validate -r relaxng.rng source.xml

Options

validate can be used with the following command-line options:

$ validate --help

usage: validate [-h] [-V] (-x XSD_SOURCE | -d DTD_SOURCE | -r RELAXNG_SOURCE)
                [-f | -F]
                [xml_source [xml_source ...]]

Validate XML source with XSD, DTD or RELAX NG.

positional arguments:
  xml_source            XML source (file, <stdin>, http://...)

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -V, --version         show program's version number and exit
  -x XSD_SOURCE, --xsd XSD_SOURCE
                        XML Schema Definition (XSD) source
  -d DTD_SOURCE, --dtd DTD_SOURCE
                        Document Type Definition (DTD) source
  -r RELAXNG_SOURCE, --relaxng RELAXNG_SOURCE
                        RELAX NG source
  -f, -l, --validated-files
                        only the names of validated XML files are written to
                        standard output
  -F, -L, --invalidated-files
                        only the names of invalidated XML files are written to
                        standard output

XML Validation

Validate XHTML with the XHTML 1.0 strict DTD:

curl -s https://www.webstandards.org/learn/reference/templates/xhtml10s/ | validate -d examples/dtd/xhtml1-strict.dtd

Validate XHTML with the XHTML 1.0 strict XSD:

curl -s https://www.webstandards.org/learn/reference/templates/xhtml10s/ | validate -x examples/xsd/xhtml1-strict.xsd

Validation Errors

If an XML source doesn’t validate the validate script will show the reason with some additional information:

validate -x TV-Anytime.xsd NED120200816E.xml

XML source 'NED120200816E.xml' does not validate
line 92, column 0: Element '{urn:tva:metadata:2019}Broadcaster': This element is not expected. Expected is one of ( {urn:tva:metadata:2019}FirstShowing, {urn:tva:metadata:2019}LastShowing, {urn:tva:metadata:2019}Free ).

XSD Validation

Validate an XSD file with the XML Schema schema document:

validate -x examples/xsd/XMLSchema.xsd schema_file.xsd

Validate the XML Schema 1.1 XSD with the (identical) XML Schema schema document:

validate -x examples/xsd/XMLSchema.xsd http://www.w3.org/2009/XMLSchema/XMLSchema.xsd

And vice versa:

validate -x http://www.w3.org/2009/XMLSchema/XMLSchema.xsd examples/xsd/XMLSchema.xsd

Validate the XML Schema XSD with the DTD for XML Schema:

validate -d examples/dtd/XMLSchema.dtd examples/xsd/XMLSchema.xsd

Print file names

-f, -l, --validated-files

The -f, -l, --validated-files command-line option only prints the names of validated XML files.

Find XML files that validate:

validate -x schema.xsd *.xml -l

-F, -L, --invalidated-files

The -F, -L, --invalidated-files command-line option only prints the names of XML files that don’t validate.

Remove XML files that fail to validate:

validate -x schema.xsd *.xml -L | xargs rm

Footnotes

[1]	XML Schema 1.0 and 1.1

[2]	XML Document Type Definition

[3]	RELAX NG Specification

transform – Transform XML

transform is a simple command-line script to apply XSLT [1] stylesheets to an XML source. If you need a command-line XSLT processor with more options have a look at xsltproc

Transform an XML file:

transform stylesheet.xsl file.xml

Transform an XML file and pretty print the result:

transform --xsl-output stylesheet.xsl file.xml | ppx

Options

transform can be used with the following command-line options:

$ transform --help

usage: transform [-h] [-V] [-x | -o] [-f FILE] xslt_source xml_source

Transform XML source with XSLT.

positional arguments:
  xslt_source           XSLT source (file, http://...)
  xml_source            XML source (file, <stdin>, http://...)

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -V, --version         show program's version number and exit
  -x, --xsl-output      honor xsl:output
  -o, --omit-declaration
                        omit the XML declaration
  -f FILE, --file FILE  save result to file

XSL output

-x, --xsl-output

You can honor the xsl:output element [2] with the --xsl-output option.

transform --xsl-output stylesheet.xsl file.xml

Save transformation result to file

-f FILE, --file FILE

Example stylesheet that converts an XML document to UTF-16 encoding:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<xsl:stylesheet
  version="1.0" id="utf16"
  xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">

  <xsl:output method="xml" version="1.0" encoding="UTF-16" indent="yes" />

  <xsl:template match="/">
   <xsl:copy-of select="." />
  </xsl:template>

</xsl:stylesheet>

Save the transformation result to a little-endian UTF-16 Unicode text file.

transform --xsl-output to_utf16.xsl utf8.xml --file utf16.xml

When saving to file use the --xsl-output option to preserve the character encoding of the transformation.

XML declaration

XML documents should begin with an XML declaration which specifies the version of XML being used [3].

-o, --omit-declaration

You can omit the XML declaration with the --omit-declaration option.

transform --omit-declaration stylesheet.xsl file.xml

Footnotes

[1]	XSL Transformations (XSLT) 1.0

[2]	XSL Transformations: 16 Output

[3]	Extensible Markup Language §2.8 Prolog and Document Type Declaration

Other

XML source

The Xul scripts require an XML source to operate on. An XML source can be a local file, an URL or a pipe.

File

With xp you can select nodes in a local XML file with an XPath expression:

xp 'node()' entity.xml

Pipe

Redirect output (pipe) to a Xul script:

curl -s https://developer.apple.com/news/rss/news.rss | ppx

URL

libxml2 also supports loading XML through HTTP (and FTP). For example, to pretty print an RSS feed:

ppx http://feeds.launchpad.net/pytz/announcements.atom

Loading XML through HTTPS is not supported and will result in an failed to load external entity error.

XHTML

XHTML [1] is part of the family of XML markup languages. It’s obsolete.

Examples

Pretty print an XHTML document:

curl -s https://www.webstandards.org/learn/reference/templates/xhtml11/ | ppx

Validate an XHTML document with the XHTML 1.0 strict DTD:

curl -s https://www.webstandards.org/learn/reference/templates/xhtml10t/ | validate -d examples/dtd/xhtml1-transitional.dtd

Print the link destinations in an XHTML document:

xp -d html "//html:link/@href" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/

More XSDs and DTDs examples can be found in the Xul Bitbucket repository.

See also

Xul scripts: ppx, xp, validate, transform

Footnotes

[1]	XHTML™ 1.0 The Extensible HyperText Markup Language

Changelog

This document records all notable changes to Xul.

2.4.1 (2022-02-14)

• Fixed Changelog URL.

2.4.0 (2022-02-14)

• Beter handling of encodings other than UTF-8 (e.g. ISO-8859, UTF-16, UCS-2, UCS-4).
• Added --file FILE option to transform: save result to file.
• transform: now only transforms a single file.
• Added --xsl-output option to transform: honor xsl:output.
• Removed xul.dom module (legacy).

2.3.0 (2021-01-28)

• Added --invalidated-files option to validate: only print names of invalidated files.
• Added --validated-files option to validate: only print names of validated XML files.
• xp: --files-with-hits and --files-without-hits options are mutually exclusive.
• Consistent broken pipes errno.EPIPE exit status (Python 2).

2.2.1 (2021-01-14)

• xp --pretty-element fix: output multiple results to a pipe (Python 2).

2.2.0 (2020-10-07)

• xp: handle NaN [1] result as a false result (--files-with|without-hits).
• Renamed xp --files-without-results option to --files-without-hits: only print names of files with a false or NaN [1] result, or without any results.
• Renamed xp --files-with-results option to --files-with-hits: only print names of files with a non-false and non-NaN [1] result.
• Added --relaxng option to validate: validate an XML source with RELAX NG.
• Refactored validate script.
• README: documentation is on Read The Docs.

2.1.0 (2020-09-09)

• Added --quiet option to xp: don’t print the XML namespace list.
• Added --files-without-results option to xp: only print names of files with a false result or without any results.
• Added --files-with-results option to xp: only print names of files with XPath matches.

2.0.3 (2020-06-10)

• Fix output encoding when piping output to a pager like less (Python 2).

2.0.2 (2020-05-31)

• Fix: removed encoding from Pygments formatter so highlight returns Unicode strings.

2.0.1 (2020-03-08)

• Added install extra “syntax” (Pygments): pip install Xul[syntax]

2.0.0 (2020-03-07)

Open sourced Xul.

Footnotes

[1]	(1, 2, 3) NaN stands for “Not a Number”.

Installing

The Xul command-line scripts can be installed with pip:

pip install Xul

Install Xul with Pygments for XML syntax highlighting.

pip install Xul[syntax]

Dependencies

Xul uses the excellent lxml XML toolkit, a Pythonic binding for the C libraries libxml2 and libxslt.

Changelog

Xul Changelog.

Source

The source can be found on Bitbucket.

Indices and search

• Index
• Search Page

Footnotes

[1]	Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0